1. 重要的目录说明
目录 | 目录说明 |
/bin | 常用的二进制命令目录。比如 ls 、 cp 、 mkdir 、 cut 等 |
/boot | 存放用于系统引导时使用的各种文件 |
/dev | 用于存放设备文件 |
/etc | 存放系统配置文件 |
/home | 普通用户的家目录默认数据存放目录 |
/lib | 存放跟文件系统中的程序运行所需要的共享库及内核模块 |
/lost+found | 存放磁盘文件或系统破的临时文件位置 |
/mnt | 系统管理员安装临时文件系统的挂载点 |
/opt | 自定义安装软件包的目录 |
/proc | 虚拟目录,进程信息及内核信息 |
/root | Linux 超级权限用户 root 的家目录 |
/sbin | 超级管理员运行命令存放的目录 |
/selinux | SELinux 存放配置文件的位置 |
/srv | 服务启动之后需要访问的数据目录 |
/tmp | 一般用户或正在执行的程序临时存放文件的目录 |
/usr | 系统存放应用程序的目录 |
/var | 放置系统执行过程中经常变化的文件 |
在 Linux 系统中一切皆文件
2.linux 中重要的子目录
2.1 网卡目录
- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
- DEVICE=eth0 ## 网卡名称
- HWADDR=00:0c:29:b9:47:51 #物理名称, 网卡的 mac 地址
- TYPE=Ethernet ## 以太网
- UUID=d560c64b-cdd4-419f-9c80-1a80e643252b ## 磁盘的唯一标识
- ONBOOT=yes ### 网卡是否开机自启动
- NM_CONTROLLED=yes #是否接受软件控制
- BOOTPROTO=none ## 网卡启动的时候如何获取 IP 地址(获取协议)static: 静态分配 IP 地址; DHCP: 动态分配 IP 地址(自动获取 IP 地址)
- DNS1=10.0.0.2
- USERCTL=no
- PEERDNS=yes
- IPV6INIT=no
- IPADDR=10.0.0.200 ##IP 地址
- NETMASK=255.255.255.0 ## 子网掩码
- GATEWAY=10.0.0.254 @### 网关地址
- DNS2=10.0.0.2 ###dns 地址 网址域名 在网络中使用的
- ### 关闭某一网卡
- ifdown eth0 && ifup eth0
- ### 重启所有网卡
- /etc/init.d/network restart
2.2 把主机名 (域名) 解析为 ip 地址
- cat /etc/hosts
- 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
- ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
2.3 主机名
/etc/sysconfig/network
2.4 开机启动时 - 磁盘分区和目录的挂载关系
- cat /etc/fstab
- #
- # /etc/fstab
- # Created by anaconda on Sun Jul 16 13:01:56 2017
- #
- # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
- # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
- #
- UUID=ce5a5255-0aa2-434b-9af3-0991af9c03d1 / ext4 defaults 1 1
- UUID=a098c44e-84f9-4d42-b2e7-8074335f77e5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
- UUID=5e33d67b-dc90-44da-9b81-ba15cc31dd46 swap swap defaults 0 0
- tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
- devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
- sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
- proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
第一列 ==== 磁盘分区 设备
第二列 ==== 目录(挂载点)
2.5 开机启动的脚本文件 (文件中放着开机需要启动的命令) 开机自动运行的命令或脚本
- cat /etc/rc.local
- #!/bin/sh
- #
- # This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
- # You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
- # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
2.6 放着 Linux 系统的运行级别 ---- 不同的状态
- at /etc/inittab
- # inittab is only used by upstart for the default runlevel.
- #
- # ADDING OTHER CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.
- #
- # System initialization is started by /etc/init/rcS.conf
- #
- # Individual runlevels are started by /etc/init/rc.conf
- #
- # Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
- #
- # Terminal gettys are handled by /etc/init/tty.conf and /etc/init/serial.conf,
- # with configuration in /etc/sysconfig/init.
- #
- # For information on how to write upstart event handlers, or how
- # upstart works, see init(5), init(8), and initctl(8).
- #
- # Default runlevel. The runlevels used are:
- # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
- # 1 - Single user mode
- # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
- # 3 - Full multiuser mode
- # 4 - unused
- # 5 - X11
- # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
- #
- id:3:initdefault:
2.7 运行级别说明
运行级别 | 说明 |
0 | 关机 |
1 | 单用户模式, root 密码忘了,默认没有网络 |
2 | 多用户模式,没有 NFS (网路文件系统 |
3 | 完全多用户模式,命令模式 |
4 | 没有使用 |
5 | 图像界面模式,桌面模式 |
6 | 重启 |
2.71 如何切换运行级别
- [root@zzz]# init 5
- [root@zzz]# runlevel ## 查看当前运行级别
- 3 5 ## 上一次运行级别 当前运行级别
- [root@zzz]#
永久切换
- [root@zzz39 zzz]# grep "id:" /etc/inittab
- id:3:initdefault:
2.8 存放的是软件管理的命令
- cd /etc/init.d/
- abrt-ccpp functions lvm2-monitor postfix saslauthd
- abrtd haldaemon mdmonitor psacct single
- abrt-oops halt messagebus quota_nld smartd
- acpid ip6tables netconsole rdisc sshd
- atd iptables netfs rdma svnserve
- auditd irqbalance network restorecond sysstat
- blk-availability kdump nfs-rdma rngd udev-post
- cpuspeed killall ntpd rsyslog
- crond lvm2-lvmetad ntpdate sandbox
2.9 存放系统别名 ---- 存放系统环境变量
- [root@zzz39 ~]# cat /etc/profile
- # /etc/profile
- # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
- # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc
- # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
- # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
- # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
- # will prevent the need for merging in future updates.
- ................
2.10 用户的环境变量
- cat ~/.bashrc
- # .bashrc
- # User specific aliases and functions
- #alias rm='rm -i'
- alias cp='cp -i'
- alias mv='mv -i'
- # Source global definitions
- if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
- . /etc/bashrc
- fi
- ...........................
2.11 用户的环境变量
- cat ~/.bash_profile
- # .bash_profile
- # Get the aliases and functions
- if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
- . ~/.bashrc
- fi
- # User specific environment and startup programs
- PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
- export PATH
2.12 用户登录或远程连接之后显示的内容
- [root@zzz ~]# cat /etc/motd
- [root@zzz ~]# echo "welcome to linux training">> /etc/motd
- Last login: Wed Jul 19 20:09:36 2017 from 10.0.0.1
- welcome to linux training
2.13/usr/local / 编译安装的默认位置
安装软件的方法
yum 软件管家(yellow dog)
从网上下载 自动替你安装
rpm 命令安装软件
缺少东西自己加工, 自己下载
编译安装
自己做, 自己编译
./configure make make install
2.14 /var/log/secure 用户的登录信息
- cat /var/log/secure
- Jul 16 13:15:05 zzz39 sshd[1454]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Jul 16 13:15:05 zzz39 sshd[1454]: Server listening on :: port 22.
- Jul 16 13:16:45 zzz39 login: pam_unix(login:session): session opened for user root by LOGIN(uid=0)
- Jul 16 13:16:45 zzz39 login: ROOT LOGIN ON tty1
- Jul 16 13:28:38 zzz39 sshd[2096]: reverse mapping checking getaddrinfo for bogon [10.0.0.1] failed - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
- Jul 16 13:28:45 zzz39 sshd[2096]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 58100 ssh2
- Jul 16 13:28:45 zzz39 sshd[2096]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
- Jul 16 17:10:41 zzz39 sshd[1605]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Jul 16 17:10:41 zzz39 sshd[1605]: Server listening on :: port 22.
2.15 用户的系统日志
- /var/log/messages
- tail -20 /var/log/messages
- Jul 19 21:44:10 zzz39 init: prefdm main process (6959) terminated with status 1
- Jul 19 21:44:10 zzz39 init: prefdm main process ended, respawning
- Jul 19 21:44:10 zzz39 init: prefdm main process (6976) terminated with status 1
- Jul 19 21:44:10 zzz39 init: prefdm main process ended, respawning
- Jul 19 21:44:11 zzz39 init: prefdm main process (6993) terminated with status 1
- Jul 19 21:44:11 zzz39 init: prefdm main process ended, respawning
- Jul 19 21:44:11 zzz39 init: prefdm main process (7010) terminated with status 1
- Jul 19 21:44:11 zzz39 init: prefdm main process ended, respawning
- Jul 19 21:44:11 zzz39 init: prefdm main process (7027) terminated with status 1
- Jul 19 21:44:11 zzz39 init: prefdm main process ended, respawning
- Jul 19 21:44:11 zzz39 init: prefdm main process (7044) terminated with status 1
2.16cpu 信息
- cpu cores : 2
- apicid : 0
- initial apicid : 0
- fpu : yes
- fpu_exception : yes
- cpuid level : 22
- wp : yes
- ...................
2.17 内存的信息
- cat /proc/meminfo
- MemTotal: 1004112 kB
- MemFree: 656036 kB
- Buffers: 44760 kB
- Cached: 179504 kB
- SwapCached: 0 kB
- Active: 101796 kB
- Inactive: 136168 kB
- Active(anon): 13920 kB
- Inactive(anon): 8 kB
- Active(file): 87876 kB
- Inactive(file): 136160 kB
- .........................
2.18 平均负载 , 系统的繁忙程度
- cat /proc/loadavg
- 0.00 0.01 0.00 2/181 7211
2.19 系统挂载信息
- cat /proc/mounts
- rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0
- proc /proc proc rw,relatime 0 0
- sysfs /sys sysfs rw,relatime 0 0
- devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,relatime,size=487428k,nr_inodes=121857,mode=755 0 0
- devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0
- *tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,relatime 0 0
- /dev/sda3 / ext4 rw,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0
- /proc/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb usbfs rw,relatime 0 0
- /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0
- none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,relatime 0 0
- /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom iso9660 ro,relatime 0 0
来源: http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-2716540.html