在 Linux 操作系统上编写 shell 脚本时, 主要涉及到执行系统命令, 目录和文件操作. 那么在 python 中怎么办呢, 这主要是几个模块的使用: os, os.path, shutil 和 sys...
os 模块包含了大部分的 Linux 命令, 简单举例如下:
- In [1]: import os
- In [2]: os.system('ls -l')
- total 12
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 107 Mar 1 19:31 1.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 214 Mar 1 19:30 2.txt
- lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Mar 1 22:13 functions.sh -> /etc/init.d/functions
- drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar 1 22:16 test
- Out[2]: 0
- In [4]: os.listdir('.')
- Out[4]: ['1.txt', 'functions.sh', '2.txt', 'test']
- In [5]: os.chdir('test')
- In [6]: os.getcwd()
- Out[6]: '/tmp/test'
os.path 模块主要是目录和文件操作, 简单举例如下:
- In [12]: import os.path
- In [13]: os.path.sep
- Out[13]: '/'
- In [14]: os.path.exists('1.txt')
- Out[14]: True
- In [15]: os.path.isdir('test')
- Out[15]: True
- In [16]: os.path.isfile('test')
- Out[16]: False
- In [17]: os.path.realpath('functions.sh')
- Out[17]: '/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions'
- In [18]: os.path.abspath('functions.sh')
- Out[18]: '/tmp/functions.sh'
- In [19]: os.path.split('/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions')
- Out[19]: ('/etc/rc.d/init.d', 'functions')
- In [21]: os.path.splitext('/tmp/functions.sh')
- Out[21]: ('/tmp/functions', '.sh')
- In [22]: os.path.dirname('/tmp/functions.sh')
- Out[22]: '/tmp'
- In [23]: os.path.basename('/tmp/functions.sh')
- Out[23]: 'functions.sh'
- In [25]: os.path.join('/tmp/test', 'stage')
- Out[25]: '/tmp/test/stage'
shutil 模块是高层次文件操作, 简单举例如下:
- In [26]: import shutil
- In [29]: os.rmdir('test')
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- OSError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-29-c4255042d84c> in <module>()
- ----> 1 os.rmdir('test')
- OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty: 'test'
- In [30]: shutil.rmtree('test')
- In [34]: shutil.copy('1.txt', '4.txt')
- Out[34]: '4.txt'
- In [41]: shutil.copytree('test', 'test_bak')
- Out[41]: 'test_bak'
- In [42]: shutil.move('test_bak', 'stage')
- Out[42]: 'stage'
- In [47]: shutil.get_unpack_formats()
- Out[47]:
- [('bztar', ['.tar.bz2', '.tbz2'], "bzip2'ed tar-file"),
- ('gztar', ['.tar.gz', '.tgz'], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
- ('tar', ['.tar'], 'uncompressed tar file'),
- ('zip', ['.zip'], 'ZIP file')]
- In [48]: shutil.unpack_archive('tmux-2.6.tar.gz')
- In [50]: shutil.make_archive('tmux26', 'zip', 'tmux-2.6')
- Out[50]: '/tmp/tmux26.zip'
sys 模块用于处理解释器运行时配置, 和操作系统环境资源交互的, 简单举例如下:
- In [58]: import sys
- In [59]: sys.argv
- Out[59]: ['/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/bin/ipython']
- In [63]: sys.path
- Out[63]:
- ['','/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/bin','/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python36.zip','/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6','/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload','/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/site-packages','/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/extensions','/root/.ipython']
- In [67]: sys.getdefaultencoding()
- Out[67]: 'utf-8'
- In [68]: sys.getfilesystemencoding()
- Out[68]: 'utf-8'
- In [79]: sys.modules['os.path']
- Out[79]: <module 'posixpath' from '/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/posixpath.py'>
- In [82]: sys.stderr
- Out[82]: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>
- In [83]: sys.stdin
- Out[83]: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
- In [84]: sys.stderr
- Out[84]: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>
- In [85]: sys.exit
- Out[85]: <function sys.exit>
来源: http://www.bubuko.com/infodetail-2512330.html